Ian Curtis – La coscienza tormentata del post punk

Era il 18 maggio 1980. Il cantante dei Joy Division si toglieva la vita nella sua abitazione di Macclesfield. Una delle vicende più tormentate del rock britannico arrivava alla sua (inevitabile?) conclusione. Eppure la sua ombra s’estende sino ai giorni nostri e stravolge silenziosamente la musica di generazioni di musicisti

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È la voce di John Peel, statica e cupa, a lacerare le frequenze di Bbc Radio 1 durante la sua trasmissione del lunedì: «Pessime notizie, ragazzi. Ian Curtis dei Joy Division è appena morto». Nelle prime ore del 18 maggio 1980, il poeta del gruppo di Manchester compie il gesto estremo di liberazione e sofferenza: è l’alba quando una corda spezza la sua esistenza e pone fine alle inquietudini che turbinano confuse nella sua mente. Sino a quell’istante, una miriade di ombre ha offuscato una personalità forse troppo fragile per la sua stessa grandezza, lasciando solo una data a segnare la fine di una vita terrena e, suo malgrado, l’inizio del mito di un artista e della sua opera.

Nell’arco di pochi mesi, la pressione di una band ormai consacrata alla straordinaria rivoluzione musicale intrapresa lo travolge, catalizzata dall’approssimarsi del primo tour oltreoceano e di un potenziale contratto milionario. Sempre più insidiosa poi, la malattia tormenta le sue performance mentre la vita sentimentale gli sfugge di mano giorno dopo giorno. Sino a quella domenica di primavera, Curtis affronta in prima linea le inquietudini che affollano la sua anima, racchiudendole in versi e trascinandole sul palco, tra le scosse epilettiche che lo lasciano spossato sempre più di frequente, mentre il naufragio del matrimonio con Deborah, dalla quale ha avuto la piccola Natalie, e la relazione con l’affascinante belga Annik Honoré, conosciuta durante un concerto al Plan K di Bruxelles, non fanno che straziare il suo cuore.

Poi, il silenzio e l’inizio della leggenda.

Quell’ultima notte, Ian è solo.
Nella casa al 77 di Barton Street a Macclesfield, a una ventina di chilometri da Manchester, solo le note di The Idiot di Iggy Pop fendono il silenzio, scortate dal fruscio della puntina sul vinile esausto. Il musicista ha rivisto per l’ultima volta la moglie, in procinto di chiedere il divorzio, e le ha scritto una lettera, ha fumato e bevuto molto caffè e whisky. Ricorda ancora le immagini del film La ballata di Stroszek, di Werner Herzog, guardato poche ore prima: il protagonista, un musicista esiliato da una società che non lo accetta, si uccide anziché sopportare il peso di un’esistenza lacerante.

Quando Deborah rincasa, come racconterà molti anni più tardi nella biografia Così vicino, così lontano, l’atmosfera è cristallizzata nel silenzio, persino l’odore del tabacco si è dissolto e ha lasciato posto al vuoto. Nei pochi istanti che precedono il crollo di un intero universo, l’illusione è che il frontman dei Joy Division abbia lasciato la casa e raggiunto il resto della band verso l’inizio di una nuova era, inaugurata dallo sbarco negli Stati Uniti. Ma le cose andranno ben diversamente. Ian è lì, immobile, il corpo inerte poggiato poco distante dalla lavatrice, la corda della rastrelliera per il bucato stretta intorno al collo in una presa mortale. La sua vita finisce così, non ancora ventiquattrenne, nella solitudine e nel silenzio di una domenica mattina colmata da rabbia impotente, incredulità e sbigottimento di chi gli è stato accanto e di quanti hanno avuto la fortuna di apprezzare la sua arte e la sua sensibilità fuori del comune.

Per quanto la rottura sia stata tanto brusca e inaspettata, la memoria non può che tornare alla spirale di eventi che l’hanno preceduta in modo sempre più frenetico, e che in pochi anni sembra aver raggiunto un punto di non ritorno drammaticamente descritto nei versi del brano In A Lonely Place: «La corda si tende e poi si spezza. Un giorno moriremo nei vostri sogni. Come vorrei tu fossi qui con me ora».

La storia umana e artistica di Ian Curtis e dei Joy Division, del resto, non è mai stata lineare sin dal giorno in cui Bernard Sumner, Peter Hook e Stephen Morris (ultimo ingresso nella line up e originario della non più amena Salford) consacrano il proprio sodalizio, affidando a quel tipo pallido ed emaciato, che si nutre avidamente di riviste specializzate e di musica malinconica e ribelle, il ruolo di cantante. Questi è Ian Kevin Curtis, nato il 15 luglio del 1956, che si distingue sia per la sua naturale propensione alla lettura sia per i gusti eccentrici, con una spiccata propensione per tutto quanto è tinto di anticonformismo. Basti pensare a quando, ancora adolescente e col visto delle buone maniere, s’intrufola nelle case di anziane signore per sgraffignare farmaci e testarne gli effetti allucinogeni. Accanto al lato più borderline, compare poi il giovane uomo che lavora in un centro per l’impiego sino a che gli impegni con la band lo consentono. Proprio in questo contesto, conosce una ragazza epilettica che non sopravvivrà a un attacco, la quale pare aver ispirato i versi di She’s Lost Control.

Proprio l’epilessia sarà un punto cardine nella vicenda dell’artista. Diagnosticata un anno prima della scomparsa, per una melodrammatica fatalità proprio quando la foto di Curtis, trench nero e sigaretta tra le dita, troneggia sulla copertina di NME, lo affligge sino all’ultima notte. E i farmaci per contrastarla, in unione velenosa con alcol e stress, non sembrano che minare ancor più il fisico e la mente dell’artista. Persino durante l’ultimo concerto, il 2 maggio alla High Ball di Birmingham, il cantante finisce sconvolto a terra tra sussulti che sembrano dover spezzare le sue membra a ogni millesimo di secondo. Se nessuno può sapere esattamente cosa abbia comportato l’insorgere della malattia, è facile notare come i suoi disastrosi effetti siano stati tangibili, e non solo durante le performance. «I barbiturici ti cambiano la personalità, perdi il senso della realtà», ha dichiarato Viny Reilly, cantante dei Durutti Column nonché grande amico di Curtis. «È questo che gli accadde e lui si allontanò sempre di più, oltre il punto di non ritorno».

Negli ultimi mesi, sempre di più la sua intera esistenza appare fuori controllo, tanto da fargli tentare il suicidio già un mese prima della morte, con un’overdose di fenobarbital. Tuttavia, viene salvato e rimesso sul palco subito dopo la breve degenza ospedaliera. Gli ultimi concerti vedono i Joy Division suonare anche due o tre volte a sera, ma accade che Curtis non porti a termine lo show, sostituito da altri artisti come Alan Hempsall dei Crispy Ambulance e Simon Topping degli A Certain Ratio, che costringa a posticipare il concerto o che, per sedare una vera e propria insurrezione popolare, si esibisca ugualmente, come durante una data al Factory Club nella quale, allo stremo delle forze, riesce a malapena ad eseguire Atrocity Exhibition. In tutto questo, urgono i preparativi per il video promozionale di Love Will Tear Us Apart, mentre le crisi comiziali da rituale catartico diventano vera e propria morsa letale.

Nonostante fisico e psiche minati da veleni, chimici ed esistenziali, e ritmi incessanti, Ian Curtis è descritto da più parti come una persona tutt’altro che ostile, anzi dai modi sempre accomodanti. La sua natura riservata può aver contribuito al suo esponenziale isolamento, ma quel che resta è il suo ineguagliabile contributo artistico.
Insieme ad alcuni demo del 1977, il brano At A Later Date, nella compilation Short Circuit – Live At The Electric Circus sancisce l’inizio ufficiale del groviglio inestricabile tra arte e vita dell’artista e della sua band, che all’epoca porta ancora il nome di Warsaw, omaggio a un brano del David Bowie berlinese di Low. È l’omonimia con un gruppo esordiente di Londra a spingere i quattro verso la «divisione della gioia», ispirandosi al romanzo La casa delle bambole di Yehiel De-Nur e alle descrizioni delle baracche dove, nei campi di sterminio, venivano rinchiuse le fanciulle rese poi schiave dei militari.

La formazione con il nuovo nome è battezzata dal vivo nel gennaio del 1978 e da quel giorno l’attività live è intensa e costante, con un seguito sempre più denso di appassionati e fedeli. Tra questi, Robert Gretton, giornalista di NME e ben presto manager dei quattro, scrive: «Gli altri gruppi salivano sul palco perché volevano essere musicisti, ma i Joy Division stavano lì perché avevano qualcosa da dire». Opinione condivisa ben presto da un altro personaggio fondamentale nella storia: Tony Wilson, futuro deus ex machina della Factory Records. Proprio a quest’ultimo si deve la prima esibizione televisiva del gruppo, nelle ormai leggendarie registrazioni di Shadowplay per la Granada Tv, presso la quale Wilson conduce il programma musicale What’s On. Ma è l’anno successivo a rappresentare la chiave di volta, non solo con la registrazione delle prime session per John Peel, ma anche per il debutto discografico ufficiale con Unknown Pleasures. Con il primo lp gli impegni si fanno sempre più incalzanti: la band sbarca sul continente con un minitour, pubblica vari singoli e, nella primavera del 1980, si trasferisce ai Britannia Row Studios di Londra, già occupati dai Pink Floyd, per le registrazioni del secondo album Closer, disco diametralmente diverso rispetto al debutto, vero e proprio specchio della parabola esistenziale dell’autore dei versi.

Ciò che trafigge già i contemporanei è l’intensità trasmessa da Curtis e dai Joy Division, un’energia che sembra raschiare nell’anima le emozioni più profonde, senza ricorrere agli eccessi dirompenti del punk e dell’hard rock. Un impeto che prende origine da elementi tangibili, come la staticità scenica, sconvolta dalle reazioni improvvise e compulsive del frontman (dai balletti meccanici ai reali spasmi), il palpitare ipnotico e ossessivo della sezione ritmica, i delay e gli echi delle chitarre, le sperimentazioni con le sonorità meccaniche del sintetizzatore. La combinazione alchemica di queste entità li trasforma in archetipi di molta musica a venire, dai quali è impossibile prescindere nonostante la discografia tanto breve e disarticolata. Il patrimonio dei Joy Division è costituito infatti dai due album, il secondo dei quali pubblicato postumo, ornati da una manciata di singoli ed ep, con circa un centinaio di esibizioni live tra Regno Unito, Olanda, Belgio e Germania, alcune delle quali vere e proprie rarità immortalate su nastri audio e video.

Dei dischi, Unknown Pleasures è un’opera prima di eccezionale importanza: è la sintesi del punk che ha ispirato i Warsaw, in perfetto e quasi antitetico equilibrio con le melodie oscure e le ritmiche avvolgenti. Già dai primi solchi con Disorder emergono gli elementi chiave della musica della band, tra la voce abissale e magnetica di Curtis, le chitarre algide e l’intreccio ritmico ipnotico. Versi di decadenza post industriale, combinati con atmosfere oscure e sinuose, non sono che l’inizio. Ancor più che nell’album di debutto, è Closer a manifestare in modo compiuto l’estetica dei Joy Division, rallentando i ritmi e condensando atmosfere fumose. Se il primo album è infatti più coerente nelle strutture, questo lavoro lascia in certi punti la sensazione di essere meno levigato e definito, parte inestimabile del suo stesso fascino e dell’impalpabilità delle sensazioni descritte. I testi subiscono una definitiva virata intimistica, chiudendosi nella desolazione dell’individuo, tra gli alberi spogli di The Eternal e l’innocenza ormai perduta di Twenty Four Hours, le linee melodiche frenano, l’attenzione al suono è chiusura ulteriore verso una realtà sempre più ostile, mentre Curtis canta in Passover, peraltro accendendo le domande tardive se i suoi testi fossero o meno una tacita richiesta di aiuto: «Questa è una crisi che sapevo doveva arrivare. Demolendo l’equilibrio che avevo mantenuto. In dubbio, sconvolto e volubile. Incerto su ciò che verrà dopo. È questo il ruolo che volevi vivere? Sono stato sciocco a chiedere tanto. Privo di protezione e nutrice. Crolla tutto al primo contatto». Un ulteriore ed eloquente contrasto emerge poi tra le stesse copertine, opera di Peter Saville: se la prima raffigura infatti uno schema degli impulsi del collasso di un corpo astrale, la seconda ritrae un’immagine in bianco e nero della tomba Appiani, presso il cimitero genovese di Staglieno.

«La strana contraddizione dei Joy Division è che era divertente essere in quella band. Abbiamo fatto un sacco di buffonate, ci siamo divertiti. Ma credo che ognuno abbia almeno due lati della propria personalità, e la musica riflette l’altro aspetto. Con Ian c’erano sicuramente sempre due ordini del giorno in corso, ma posso solo dirlo con il senno di poi, poiché al momento l’unico indizio per la sua oscurità erano i suoi versi. E noi non abbiamo mai ascoltato i suoi testi», ha dichiarato Sumner lo scorso marzo ad Uncut, a proposito della realizzazione di Closer. «Siamo stati molto una band, ma anche molto poco una band. Mi piace pensare che stessimo tutti in piedi sui nostri piedistalli, senza una fertilizzazione incrociata. Eravamo tutti intenti a fare il nostro disco personale e non ne parlavamo tra di noi. Cosa che immagino abbia contribuito al sound piuttosto insolito che ne è venuto fuori».

Tre decenni più tardi, scrutando con occhio critico l’esperienza dei Joy Division, è possibile individuare una spaccatura evidente con la contemporaneità. Nei cinerei dintorni di Manchester, l’ispirazione di Curtis non si sfoga in ribellione verso un sistema oppressivo: egli conosce W.S. Burroughs e J.G. Ballard, ascolta Lou Reed e i Velvet Underground, scrive poesie. I suoi testi sono solcati da immagini ricorrenti come «morte», «freddo», «isolamento», «fine», «silenzio» e queste parole, insieme alla musica, si addentrano nel senso di solitudine e inquietudine del singolo individuo, lasciando da parte sia l’edulcorato mondo del glam rock sia, ben presto, persino l’irruenza distruttiva del punk, in luogo di una presa di coscienza della condizione d’isolamento e sofferenza, in sintonia tra versi e melodie.

Per questo motivo, insieme ai contenuti, anche le potenzialità musicali vengono spinte più in là, quasi alla provocazione di uno stato ipnotico, a dar voce alle più sottili sfumature della coscienza. Ragione per cui non è possibile considerare i Joy Division una semplice band poggiata sullo scaffale alla voce post punk, ma veri precursori dell’art rock e della new wave. E la sperimentazione si nota anche nella gestione stessa dei brani. È sufficiente una scorsa alle scalette dei concerti per notare la volontà di presentare inediti o brani poco conosciuti mentre, da un punto di vista discografico, gli album principali non contengono i singoli, in luogo di una profonda distinzione tra questi ultimi e gli lp, contro le regole commerciali di allora come di oggi.

Musicalmente parlando, se monoliti come i Sex Pistols impongono ritmi irrefrenabili e distorti e il rock degli anni 70 si presenta carico di sovraincisioni e maestoso, l’atipicità dei Joy Division diventa palese tanto più quanto i ritmi rallentano o, sebbene restino veloci, siano piuttosto magnetici, con atmosfere dilatate e impalpabili come una sottile nebbia. In questo contesto, la solitudine nell’animo del poeta Curtis si unisce ai vuoti e alle sospensioni nelle melodie, ottenuti con gli effetti delle chitarre e la tensione costante della sezione ritmica.

Proprio in sala d’incisione emerge il ruolo cardine del «quinto membro» della band, Martin Hannett. Lo stesso brano Digital reca nel titolo un omaggio all’Ams, delay digitale tra gli ammennicoli preferiti dal produttore e utilizzato per creare i riverberi di una dimensione sonora inedita. Sempre a lui si devono inserti rumoristici, come il vetro infranto di I Remember Nothing, o sperimentazioni più ardite, quali la separazione dei suoni sia dei singoli strumenti sia di parti dello strumento stesso, come per la batteria, che anticipa i loop e gli espedienti delle drum machine che satureranno i dischi degli anni 80.

La vocazione sperimentale, insomma, è più profonda di quanto possa apparire e in studio raggiunge i suoi vertici, come nel caso dei due synth che Sumner si costruisce durante le session di Closer. Tutto questo non fa che stimolare l’effetto alienante del timbro baritonale di Curtis, che canta i propri flussi di coscienza più oscuri. Sul versante dei concerti, d’altro canto, la presenza fisica di Ian è decisiva e riempie con un effetto straniante il senso di sospensione ricreato dalle parti strumentali. La ricerca stilistica e la raffinatezza estetica di melodie e arrangiamenti sono di una precisione assoluta. Proprio su queste strutture metalliche s’insinuano pulsando le visioni di Ian Curtis, facendo di questo contrasto un unicum perfetto.

Anche durante i concerti, tra il sudore e il trasalire nelle crisi fisiche del cantante, l’urgenza espressiva della band non tradisce, come testimonia Martin O’Neill per il volume Io c’ero – I più grandi show della storia del rock: «Feci molte più foto ai Joy Division che agli altri gruppi, quindi già all’epoca doveva esserci qualcosa di speciale in loro», racconta a proposito del concerto al Bowdon Vale Youth Club di Altrincham, nel marzo ‘79. «Appena Ian Curtis cominciò a ballare in quello strano modo mi venne quasi paura. Mi chiedevo cosa ci fosse in lui che non andava. C’è una foto dove guarda dritto nell’obiettivo ma nelle altre sembra perso nel suo mondo, forse erano le medicine. Di sicuro non riusciva a controllare i movimenti visto che non andava quasi mai a tempo con la musica. Molti sotto il palco erano a braccia conserte. Non ricordo ragazzi che ballassero o pogassero, sembravano totalmente sconcertati. Però alla fine di ogni pezzo gli applausi e le urla erano forti, segno che il messaggio stava cominciando ad arrivare».

Se rottura con il passato e travalicamento dei limiti espressivi sono le due caratteristiche che più calamitano nel campo gravitazionale della band, l’eredità dei Joy Division non si esaurisce solamente nel mito e nel culto di un’esperienza che ha raggiunto l’apice con la morte di Ian Curtis.

Da un lato, infatti, il cammino degli altri suoi tre protagonisti continua a scorrere nei New Order, il «nuovo ordine» stabilito da Sumner, Hook e Morris, con il baricentro più spostato verso l’elettronica e la continua volontà di una ricerca espressiva, sebbene differente rispetto a quella intrapresa anni prima. Dall’altro, prima oltremanica e poi in quel continente americano mai toccato da Curtis, il fermento affastellato nel calderone new wave e dark trova nei Joy Division la propria radice, sia nelle atmosfere musicali e poetiche, sia negli spunti di canoni musicali e vocali. Dalla loro esperienza è impossibile non guardare alla filosofia del suono come creatore di atmosfere, lavorare per sottrazione anziché per ridondanza, dare ai testi un lucido e autoanalitico ripiegamento esistenzialista: più che di eredità spirituale o di un insieme di metodologie, ci si trova invischiati in un fluido che s’insinua sottopelle e che fa dell’accenno e della suggestione i suoi punti di forza. La stessa figura di Ian Curtis, legata indissolubilmente al mito romantico dell’artista che si consuma troppo in fretta, assume il ruolo di icona ma ha anche valore intrinseco, per i versi da lui scritti, per il modo di cantare e per il suo tormento.

La musica dei Joy Division appare come uno squarcio su un baratro e probabilmente non ci sono parole migliori che quelle scelte da Jean-Pierre Turmel, creatore dell’etichetta Sordide Sentimental che pubblica il 7” Licht Und Blindheit, contenente le tracce Atmosphere e Dead Souls. Nel dicembre del 1979 scrive che «I Joy Division oltrepassano il semplice intrattenimento e ritrascrivono musicalmente i mondi di penombra e l’intensità dell’estasi. A volte accenti disillusi o nostalgici s’intromettono, perché l’esperienza è multiforme e la sua complessità non può essere tradotta in un concetto unico. Una musica all’incrocio di mondi luminosi e scuri, tra il silenzio e il grido, un ponte tra i simbolismi mistici del passato e del presente».

© Samantha Colombo & Jam Magazine
 

Licht und Blindheit

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The event on stage is more than a spectacle. The intense spotlight beam isolates the silhouette, fixes it in space and annuls time. Blinded and dumbstruck for a moment, the illuminated singer no longer discerns the limits of the room around him. An echo in the heart of the chance silence strengthens the overwhelming impression of a subterranean quest. Echoes of grottoes and cold cathedrals, echoes of the infinite cosmos.

Categories of anguish tend to merge together: the oppression of depths and the closed evoke dread of the void, the corridors of the kingdom of the dead resound in the far depths of ourselves like the idea of the infinite. This spectacle is a ritual, one infinitely despairing of solitude. A shudder … Those few seconds, free from vibrations, are an eternity. In them, they condense the depths of interior reflections, funeral exploration of dark labyrinths, from which only the unique and irredeemable end is certain. Would the music be only punctuation and accentuation, the frame more or less hewn from an absolute silence, secretly sought after?

The blinding spotlight is a setting sun. The horizontal light of dusk, which strikes the eyes without the head having to look up. It is the hour of unmeasured shadows announcing the return of darkness. Intermediary time zone and moment of mixed emotions. Exaltation and depression can be born from these fires and shadows – the mental ambiguity in echo with that of the privileged moment.

Every being anguished by its own existence experiences an irresistable attraction for those end of the day contemplations. Can it itself foresee what its feeling will be? Weary of life and desiring the Night … or on the contrary sparking off internally at the sight of the last flarings? Two extreme examples, amongst others, to show the nodal character of that moment when all subjective experiences are summed up, when all of each day’s conflicts are replayed.

CLEMENS BRENTANO, the German romanticist, wrote this intuitive sentence: “… Impressively, the night veils the immense porch of dusk, and every human heart knows who has won, who has lost”.
The opposition of clarity to darkness as a reflection of the battle between reason and the delirious, but equally a point where the two empires cloud over reciprocally, as in a kind of reconciliation. Mad and secret hope of the distressed being … Hope that the symbolic ritual, cosmic and everyday, will induce by its exemplarity, the synthesis of that which, in its own mind, is separated. Perhaps if the Star at that precise moment suspended its fall. But coexistence never establishes itself, it is usually melancholy and despondency which accompanies the setting. Destiny of those who desire the half-light, who refuse to choose between analysis and delirium. Hesitant people from intermediary zones, from the uncertainty, from shadows and almost horizontal lights, from half-open doors and broken windows.
Others opt for the darkness. They will call up the abstract, will desire the rise of secret forces, of dream, of phantasms and of the unconscious … but with some restrictions, in truth even a certain intellectual dishonesty.

HEINREICH VON KLEIST, that other great Romanticist, states that “in the organic world, in so far as the conscious reflection becomes darker or weaker, grace advances more radiant and triumphant…”; it is no less true of it that he hesitates to annihilate all conscience in himself. He seeks only in fact the awakened dream, a kind of somnambulism where the observer, though in retreat, would remain vigilant. The unconscious is here a super conscience, a reservoir of occult knowledge in which the awakened part desires to drink deep. As MARCEL BRION notes in his work the Romantic Germany, the question is one of “sleep and active dreams”. One enters the night in order to explore it and the twilight is its threshold. Interior darkness, darkness of the terrestrial depths, the romantic symbolism passes with ease and intuition from one world to the other. The nocturnal sky blends with the subterranean world of hells. The texts of that time testify to that… Thus half magnificent letter from Caroline Von GUNDERODE to Beltina BRENTANO (Clemens Brentano’s sister): “You don’t yet understand that these paths lead right lo the bottom of the spirit’s mine; but the day will come when they appear to you as such, for man walks often through deserted ways; the more he has the desire to advance, the more solitude become terrifying, and the more the desert spreads onwards. But when you realise how far you have descended into the well of thought and when you find there below a new dawn, when you re-emerge joyous, when you speak from your subterranean world, then you will be consoled; for the world will never be with you”. Most paradoxically, it is the light that she seeks in the blackness of the inner worlds, a new dawn (that twilight of the morning) with an essential different quality – the revelation of herself.

O lamps of luminous fires
In your splendours the hollow grottoes
Of blind and dark feeling
Through advantageous favours
Give both light and warmth
To the cherished object of their heart
St JEAN DE LA CROIX

Through those who are in misery of
seeing themselves without faith, one
sees that God does not illuminate them;
but for others one sees that there is
a God who blinds them
PASCAL ‘thoughts’

The light is like a meterialisation of the “ungraspable”, the intersection of transcendence and the visual. It is the very symbol of the Spiritual through antinomy to the Material. The light is truth, its domain of clarity is also that of transparence and the aerial. It is opposed to concealment and creeping. It is honesty and deprivation. The light should therefore induce only knowledge, its symbolism should be that of analysis, of description, and of the look … but there again words mix, the illusions superimposed one on the other, the end achieved is in contradiction with the appearance conveyed by the invocation. Light and dazzle of sunset. Rays of light similar to shafts, crossing the bodies and destroying them, beams of radiations disintegrating the flesh. The mystic aspires to be only “pure spirit”, to free himself from the corporeal.

“The Ecstasy of St. Teresa” by Bernini (1598-1680): the light is sharp, made from golden metal. The saint, in an ecstatic state close to fainting, has half-closed eyes (the detail is important) … It is like a voluptuous agony, the prolonging and the translation of the Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian. The marble, ghastly pale, sets the body in a specific moment, between flesh and crystal, just before the tangible disappears and the soul flies away. The illumination, in the literal and mystical sense of the term.

Extreme pallour of the death desired as the passage to immortality. Coldness of the renouncement of the palpable, anticipation of the infinite, timeless, absolute and fixed. But what is it internally, what is the reality behind the glazed image?

The sunset burns with its last flames. Light/warmth, star energy, echo in the internal fire of emotions, the ecstasy is a fire devouring the being, and seeming to consume it literally. Interior and exterior loose all signification, the body sublimating its substance, becoming all gradually transparent, is consumed in harmony with the illumination. The Mystic touched by the light feels he himself becomes immaterial radiation; but that the subjective transmutation operates from the interior, at the source of illusions. It finds its origins in the depths of the being, it springs from the secret imperiousness of desires, of which it is only the symbolic resurgence.

It appeals then, that the aim of the mystic in his search for the light is not so much as to be dazzled. That dazzling blindness is the triumphal way, although diverted, of a descent to hell. (The eyes which close indicate the withdrawal to the interior of oneself, introspection, self-spelaeology). The difference between the blinding of the black nights and the white blindness of the illumination is minute … The Mystic abandons the exterior look in order to see better within himself, to be no more than Vision. His call to the elevation of the soul is a return to the primitive essence; is desire to be freed from pleasures of the flesh only opens the way to an intellectual orgasm embracing the whole body and not the sex alone.

That desire to escape the body and valorize the spirit does not lead to an analytical knowledge but to another more intense and more animal. Mysticism is the universe of illusion par excellence, of the opposition between the said and the experienced. It is not that animal that in us, at the moment, is destroyed, but on the contrary the “I”, the spectator and the critic. Chastity and asceticism are not the negation of desire but rather one of the means of transcending pleasure and rendering it avowable. The light is a way to invoke the darkness of the “self”. Esoterism was right to state that what is above is like what is below … to adore God would be only to sanctify the strength that one feels in oneself, a fervent homage to the unconscious, to the interior double that one forebodes as so much more consistent.

Religiousness, beliefs are only the dregs justifying a dionysiac behaviour. A new exaltation, in some way purified, can be born and developed. Departing from less illusory bases, the atheistic Mysticism will produce new emotions, widening thus the spectre of ecstasy.

Georges BATAILLE, exploring the territories of transgression, as Sade before him, and some others, indicated one of the ways, but it would be boring to limit it to that. Certainly, pornography and intellectual violence permit interesting excesses, but the modern world conceals equally a quantity of experiences of which we don’t yet perceive the whole oneiric and symbolic interest. At the heart of daily punishment and sufferings, in the very wheels of encroaching mediocrity, are found both the keys and the doors to inner worlds. Modern symbolism finds the source of its images and its myths in the sufferings of the present … it reconciles itself with Naturalism by sublimating it. Thus the Factory is not solely alienated. Machines and cadences find in us certain secret correspondences … The 8 hour shift beyond the destruction it operates daily, brings the organism into a point, anti-natural, where the disordered state is expressed among other things through a kind of waking delirium. The maddest images are then born with ease, the unbridled established without the conscious being able to do anything but register them. How not to effect a parallel with Sufism which utilises giddiness and conjugate fatigue … and the methods of western mystics centred on abstinence and prayer.

If to ponder at every moment, in a quasi-superstitious way, the hidden significance of daily events is a wide spread fact (evil?), to consider the modern world in its symbolic expansion is less so.

Society of the Spectacle, modern mythology, generalised Publicity, are capital concepts but nevertheless insufficient to define the nature of our relationships with the universe and society … we perceive the world, unconsciously, as an omnipresence of signs … signs without significations, whose sole interest is to evoke, to make us look back into the concealed part of ourselves. The look and subjectivity … we must reconsider our relationship with the event in the most innocent appearance … thus is it the spectacle, minute fragment of Spectacular society.

What happens in the concert is outside the ordinary. Anguish and concentration, between the fire of dazzling spotlight and the moving darkness of the crowd, vaguely disturbing, below the stage.

JOY DIVISION passes beyond simple entertainment to retranscribe musically the worlds of half-light and the intensity of ecstasy. Sometimes disillusioned or nostalgic accents intrude, for the experience is multiform and its complexity cannot be translated in a sole concept. A music at the intersection of luminous and dark worlds, between silence and the cry, a bridge between the past and present mystical symbolism. Key of the rock concerts (doesn’t the word “rock” in itself refer to the subterranean world?) modern rituals of which till now we saw only the entertaining or sociological aspects.

Written by Jean-Pierre Turmel. Translation by Paul Tuck

Exclusive Interview: Joy Division’s Peter Hook on Ian Curtis, Morrissey, Bernard Sumner and more

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Peter Hook is a name synonymous with some of the UK music scene’s most enduring hits. Having spent time in both Joy Division and New Order and witnessed first hand all the associated success and excess. Hook has assembled a wealth of know-how and wrote about it in his book ‘Unknown Pleasures – Inside Joy Division’. Hook returns to Ireland with his band Peter Hook and the Light and will play The Academy in Dublin on November 22nd and we caught up with him for a chat in advance of show.

Thanks for taking the time to talk to entertainment.ie Peter. So, you have been a busy man the last couple of years – your book Unknown Pleasures was published to almost universal acclaim and you have been touring the Joy Division and New Order albums with The Light. What has the reaction been like from live audiences to albums that are regarded with such reverence?

The reactions so far from all of the audiences have been absolutely fantastic, I have been completely blown away by it all at times. I understand that the albums are held in very high regard so the band and I try to reproduce it all as respectfully and accurately as we possibly can. Playing the Joy Division records is a very different experience to playing the New Order ones but I love playing them all. Our current tour is performing Movement and Power, Corruption & Lies by New Order which is a really great live set, we have been fortunate in that the records have translated very well into the live environment.

Was there any trepidation on your part in taking on the vocal duties and interpreting the words of such an iconic vocalist and lyricist as Ian Curtis?

Absolutely, I am not a frontman by trade so at first I found it very daunting and I was extremely nervous, but as we did more and more gigs I got a lot more comfortable with it all and now I would like to think that I do a good job in that role. Obviously I will never be Ian and I would never try to be, but I just try to do the best job I can. Next week we will play our 200th live gig so I have had a lot of experience and now I am a lot more confident with it.

Your book  ‘Unknown Pleasures – Inside Joy Division’ was a fantastic read. It did a great job of demystifying the band and showing that you were just four blokes who happened to make this incredible music. Was that part of your goal with the book – to strip away some of the myths that had built up around the Joy Division?

Yes I would say so, there is a lot of myth that surrounds Joy Division so I guess I wanted to bring across that other side to us all. I was sick of reading books about Joy Division by people who were not actually there, and who were just speculating in my eyes as to what went on. So it was great to be able to set the record straight with my own book and I have been absolutely delighted to see that people have taken to it just as they did with the Hacienda book.

Speaking of books, have you read Morrissey’s book yet? Do you think The Smiths will ever reform?

They are the last ones left, aren’t they… The Stone Roses got back together, even “New Order” is back now, albeit not properly, obviously… So the next in line would be the Smiths reunion. Personally I hope it doesn’t happen as it’s all Manchester has left! I haven’t read Morrissey’s book and I doubt I will to be honest, I’ve never been a big fan of his.

As a matter of interest, have you ever thought how Joy Division would have sounded two or three albums down the line if Ian hadn’t died? Do you think you would have taken the more dance orientated path that New Order took or gone in a different direction?

I actually think that things would have carried on going down more or less the same path. All of us were starting to become more and more interested in electronics and were starting to explore that side of music even when we were still in Joy Division – you can hear this on the Closer album with tracks like Isolation and Decades. I think we would still have gone on to make more electronic music with Ian. I can imagine him singing ‘Blue Monday’, definitely.

It has been well documented that you and Bernard Sumner don’t exactly see eye to eye anymore. Bands inevitably end in acrimony –does this sadden you in any way? That someone you spent so much of your life with making music is now someone you may never speak to again?

It is of course very sad and the longer that it all drags on it just becomes more and more frustrating but unfortunately there is just no end in sight at the moment. I don’t agree with the business side of their supposed ‘reformation’ and so I am fighting it. The others will not meet to negotiate and so we have to do it all through the lawyers which is very time consuming and of course very costly but unfortunately there is no other way. Hopefully there will be a resolution to it all soon. I wish we could just let each other get on with our lives but instead we are locked in this legal battle, but I do have to stand up for what I believe in.

Which has been the most challenging album from the Joy Division/New Order back catalogue to play?

I suppose the most challenging would definitely be ‘Power, Corruption & Lies’ because it was with this album that we started having to incorporate backing tracks and a lot more electronics into the live set. Unknown Pleasures, Closer and Movement you can play totally live, which we do, but PC&L is a different beast altogether. However, I would like to think that we have pulled it off now, every gig we do it gets better and better. The boys in the band do a fantastic job.

There was a time when the release of an album from a band that you loved was a special event. I vividly remember counting down the days to the release of the latest New Order 12”, and spending ages poring over the artwork and sleeve notes. Do you think the advent of the internet and mp3s has destroyed our relationship with music in some ways? That music has now been reduced to mere files that you just store on your computer or mp3 player?

I know exactly what you mean because I used to do exactly the same thing when I bought records myself. It’s a shame that this seems to be dying out but this is the digitalised world that we live in, it’s just the way things have gone. The rise of the iPod meant that digital music became the norm, it’s sad but you can still find the real stuff out there if you look for it!

You are due back to Ireland with the Light in November to play the Movement and Power, Corruption and Lies albums. How do you feel about these albums now? Do you think they stand the test of time and are there any plans to bring the Low Life album on tour?

I am really looking forward to coming back to Ireland with this tour because we always tend to have great gigs there. I think that these albums have definitely stood the test of time because the music still sounds fresh all these years later. The Movement and PC&L set is great to play, we really enjoy doing it and I hope the audience will see that in our performance. We’ll also be supporting ourselves playing a small set of Joy Division songs because I wanted to keep that going and not just put it on the shelf as we moved on to playing New Order, so arrive early for that! Next year we plan to debut our performance of Low Life and Brotherhood with some special UK shows next September, so hopefully in 2015 we can come back and perform again in Ireland with that next chapter.

Thanks again for taking the time to talk with us Peter and good luck with the shows.

Thank you!

© John Balfe & entertainment.ie

An interview with Anthony H. Wilson

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“Something I found very interesting, coming from a high culture background, about pop music was that it was a genuinely popular (classless) art form, in a way that television isn’t. There’s a demographic to people who watch Coronation Street, to a degree. There is no class demographic to the received experience of being a Sex Pistols fan. It has the same intellectual content for a Cambridge undergraduate, and a kid of the dole.

In the very beginning, I didn’t think of Ian being a lyricist at all, but once I got to listen to the lyrics, I found that the rhythms of Ian’s writing were very TS Eliot. The prosaic but very rhythmic quality of that form of modern poetry. Much more so than many modern poets who actually followed Eliot.

Where did that come from?

It came from wherever it comes from, the ability to write melodies and lyrics. Shaun Ryder is a far more extreme example. Shaun Ryder is the last person who should be a poet laureate of any sort, but if you do the old IA Richards on either of them, you find its the real fucking stuff. Its alarmingly fabulous use of language.

Herzog was his hero, and Herzog was a concomitant factor in his suicide. He was with his parents and he didn’t want to put his dad through watching this film late at night, so he went home to watch this tragic, romantic film where the hero commits suicide at the end. You know the famous last line, where there’s a dead man in the cable car, and the chicken is still dancing, which is why with our usual sense of fun we put the chicken’s feet on the [run-out?] of the first three sides of Still, then on the last side, the chicken stops here.

A funny thing was that through all the whole Factory, Hacienda thing, I think he would have enjoyed it more than anybody. I refer to a letter, in the week that he died Annik stayed with Lynsey and myself. That was a difficult scene, I was upstairs in this tiny cottage, shell-shocked, and Annik sits downstairs and for three days, twenty four hours a day, played Closer.

Did she love him?

Oh yes. I think she understood him. I got an early train one morning to London, and walking towards the station there’s this lonesome couple walking along arm in arm. Obviously they’ve been walking the streets all night together. We got on the train and I let them be on their own, and then Ian got off at Macclesfield, then I sat with Annik. Annik was the one… we’d all thought that the overdose had been, quote, a cry for help, a plea for anaesthesia, we hadn’t thought he’d wanted to kill himself. But Annik on that train journey said, I’m really worried. I forget the line on Closer, but she said, he blames himself. That wasn’t a line in the song, he means that.

We know where acid house and Elvis Presley and the Sex Pistols came from, but I still don’t know where Joy Division came from. When god gives this gift to people, it comes to someone is changing the way it’s done, and to someone who is a star. I don’t understand this. Why don’t nerds get this gift? They have to have something else as well.

They were the first people to find the way to express those complex emotions, within the guitar, drums, bass, synth format.

I let them do everything to you they wanted to, in Shadowplay [I let them use you for their own ends?] is a very complex line.

When did you first see something really special in Joy Division?

The night of the Stiff-Chiswick test. Every band in Manchester played, and someone said, when’s So It Goes coming back, Tony? And someone said, he doesn’t want it to come back, he wants it to become a legend, it’s easier that way. That was my first meeting with Gretton. Nothing changes. I sit down and this kid in a raincoat comes and sits next to me and goes, you’re a fucking cunt, why won’t you put us on television? I said, actually, you’re next on the list, I’ve got the single… anyway, all these bands played all night, and at the very end they get onstage and after about twenty seconds I just thought, this is it. Everybody else has one thing in common: they aren’t like this. Most bands are onstage because they want to be rock stars. Some bands are onstage because they have to be. There’s something trying to get out of them, and that was blatantly obvious with Joy Division.

They were the reason that Roger eagle called me over to do Eric’s Records that day, cos he knew that I knew Gretton, and he and I both knew that Joy Division would sell records.

Tell me about Macclesfield, do you think its relevant that Ian came from there?

No, no… it’s like Gloucester now, isn’t it? People find it difficult to believe stuff like that could come out of Gloucester. [Macclesfield] is an odd little place, very much in its own little world. It has Manchester at its fringes but it doesn’t really connect to it. It isn’t one of the radial towns, its one stage out of that, and its an old town. It’s not really a rural town, that’s what’s weird about it. Where Ian lived, he wasn’t going into the country, he was going to the park.

When did Ian start to develop the dead fly?

I don’t know. One’s memory is tainted by the fact that one has watched specific visuals many, many times. When did they do Shadowplay on Granada Reports? A month after the Stiff-Chiswick Test. The movement is already there.

The visuals behind were…

a World in Action about the CIA, and David Liddiment [?] directed it. The new head of BBC Entertainment. It was one of his first ever jobs. Obviously we all adored the BBC footage, where he does that second verse… and Transmission, I was obsessed by its structure. The fact that you come out of the second chorus directly into the third verse, means that the third verse is screamed, that was the tension of it.

I thought he was remarkable because the distance that you get with many performers wasn’t there…

You’re absolutely right, he was completely there. Old Bono says he was the best of his generation, I was always number two.

Did Bernard say how Ian was during Closer? I wasn’t there much, but I remember Rob saying he was in a trance-like state for the entire second period of that recording.

One of the most enlightening moments of my life, on a lovely summer’s day, feeling great, dropped off at Martin Hannett’s house to get these two cassettes, of Flight, by A Certain Ratio and Closer, which he’d just mixed the previous week and kept me away from… driving down the motorway with those two things, I couldn’t believe that I was involved with this shit.

The mood he was in when he wrote that stuff is a very big question. Its almost as if writing that album contributed to his state.

The usual idea is that when you write, you get it out of your system. That doesn’t seem to have worked.

What I’m saying is he immersed himself in being it, rather than just expressing it. I don’t want to really be quoted too much on this, it is the archetypal, there is no way out. I cannot leave, and I cannot stay. If you’re totally in love with another woman, you can leave. If she’s your best friend’s wife, you can fuck her. You can do anything. The only thing stronger than if you’re madly, passionately in love with a woman, is the parental thing…

He felt things in a different way than me or Hooky. My psyche is, I’m the guy who took two tabs of acid on a Saturday night when he had to go and judge the Stretford and Urmston Women’s Co-operative Rosebud Competition, to see if I could make it. Going as a TV personality. Wow. That’s why Lynsey went off me. And Hooky’s a bit like that. But Ian certainly wasn’t, he didn’t live life like that.

Did anyone talk about the Bury riot night?

What happened?

It was all Simon Topping’s fault. We had this gig in Bury, Joy Division, Certain Ratio and Section 25. Ian had had his first go, been in hospital, and they took the decision to do the gig, but in a different way, basically everybody onstage, doing bits and pieces. So they did it, they explained to the audience. Towards the end, a couple of pint pots got thrown from the back, and it all went off.. Rob dived in, Terry dived in, I was holding Hooky back from diving in… I went upstairs afterwards, and Ian was in tears. I said, Ian, it was an event, man. Remember the Lou Reed concert? Wasn’t that a great event? And that cheered him up a lot.

How did he seem when he stayed with you?

Quite okay and quite easy. He was reading a lot, I remember talking with him about WB Yeats. Ian wasn’t a difficult person to get on with, at all they were the funniest cunts in the world, including Ian. They didn’t take themselves at all seriously. Certainly Ian didn’t. The whole japing thing. It was their word for what they did.

You’d have to ask Lynsey, cos she spent the whole weeks with him, and by the end of the week was going into a fucking fit. Cos she’s pretty weird anyway, and Ian was pretty weird, so the two of them… it was alright for me to say we’ll look after Ian for a week, I went into fucking Granada every day. By Saturday morning, Lynsey had started screaming, so I said to Ian, we better get out of here, and we got into the car and drove.

Did you ever see much of Deborah at that point?

Deborah took the usual position of a musician’s girlfriend, which is, not there very much. Not part of the travelling team.

It was Debby who introduced Ian to Iggy. I think it was the lads told me this. Debby is the Iggy Pop fan. Ian met & fell in love with Debby, and she started playing him her Iggy albums. The whole point of music is the coming together of influences, so in that moment, you’ve got something as important as Ibiza. Because Ian took Iggy… to the band.

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Did you notice anything going wrong with Ian?

No, not at all. The epilepsy was there. You’re brought up to know that Napoleon and all these famous people were epileptic, it was something you went with… it provided one or two stage moments for us all, I think. You could always tell when things were getting difficult when Hooky and Barney either side of him would look at each other as if to say, he’s going again.

They always used to pay him, did you know about that? He was always so easy-going, and always needed a bit of spare money, a typical example was the Durutti Column album sleeve. Which required all the sticking. We got them all in, said here’s fifteen quid each, Here’s 2,000 sleeves, 4,000 pieces of sandpaper, and two buckets of paste. What was lovely was when I returned about nine o’clock, cos Alan had left them with some porn videos, as usual, they all gave Ian their money, and there’s Ian at the back table, slopping away, there’s them sitting watching the porn videos, and the fact that the paste that was flying around the room looked like semen, made a really fucking great image.

They used to get Ian to do all the odd jobs by pooling together and paying him.

No, you didn’t see him getting worse… Hooky has this beautiful line: thirty six hours more, he could have screwed his way across America, and never looked back. And that’s very probably true. In other words, I don’t think it was inevitable, there was a balancing edge there. Either that or we were all stupid. We didn’t think he wanted to kill himself, we thought he wanted help.

He was just faced with one of the great irresolvable problems of life, and very very young. For someone like me to consider it, which I did, there is no choice. When you can’t leave, and you can’t stay. There is another thing. Of course, it achieves absolutely nothing for anybody. A complete disaster.

Do you know when he first started to see Annik?

I think they’d been together about a year…

What was the best gig you ever saw them do?

[long pause] The Factory gigs were fabulous. The gig at the first Factory New Year Party. Lesley was blind drunk… very significant character in this, is Lesley, and never mentioned. Very significant.

In what way?

She is Rob. Central to Rob’s life, a very powerful person, and she’s been at the centre of this all the way through. Probably has a lot more insight than any of us. I think it would be fascinating to hear what her reaction was. She was always with the women, and because she was the manager’s girlfriend, she wasn’t quite… of the women.

Do you remember Leigh?

Ah, the mud of Leigh. That was the night of the turd, wasn’t it? A very big moment. Barney told me years later that he and Ian had gone to the bogs and Ian had come out terribly excited, cos there was a piece of shit like, that long, as long as half an arm, and they all went down to have a look at it. It made their day.

Do you think Ian was in control of what he was doing?

Not in his lyrics and music which was more calculated, but in his performance, he was very… fatic? That word for the Dionysian thing, the wind blowing out of you. The greatest example in rock’n’roll in probably Van Morrison, and there was an element of that in Ian’s performance. As if he was possessed. Which is how it should be. All great art is that getting out of you. The most chilling line in the press about that was that girl’s review which said, ‘I swear to you tonight when Ian Curtis sang, “I hear them calling me”, I heard them too’.

When did you start getting worried about Ian, if you were?

I didn’t. Rob had been out with him on the Saturday afternoon, and he was great. Bought a pair of shoes, had a haircut. They were going to America, it was all happening. And at that age, how were we to comprehend the turmoil in his head about Natalie and Annik. It isn’t about Debbie anymore.

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How important was Martin to them?

He was an inspirational producer, and a remarkable man. Lynsey asked me once if I had cried when Martin died, and it was like being woken from a dream, and it had really happened. I did cry when Martin died, I was terribly upset. I think it probably happened to everybody who knew him…

Do you think Ian’s death broke him up?

Yes. Outside of his personal family, the worst affected was Martin. Martin was in love with rock’n’roll, and he had this wonderful thing.

He liked to create things, situations. That business with the drum sound, taking hours and hours over it. He was just winding them up.

I may have made a slight contribution, giving Ian a Frank Sinatra album, which I noticed around when they did Love Will Tear Us Apart. I like to think so…

I think that was why when time came for them to go their separate ways, which was about the time of Movement, he found that so hard to bear.

Have you ever been aware of Ian’s presence since?

Yes. He makes his presence felt. Like when we had the Festival of the Tenth Summer, and Kevin Cummins did ten postcards which came back from the printers and nine of them were printed too dark, the only postcard that worked was Ian. The high spot of the summer was McCulloch and Barney doing Ceremony.

He made it all more serious, somehow. Bizarrely enough, several deaths followed. It made it something that wasn’t just a business, a game that was played… Ruth Polski dying, Dave Rowbotham… Bernard Pierre Wolff, who was one of the first people to die of AIDS.

There was a sexual thing as well, there seemed to be an enormous number of highly sexed people, Catholics… Sex & Death is the title of Vini’s new album, by the way.

I wonder to what extent we were all playing with stuff that we didn’t understand.

Absolutely… but people think that Ian’s death had something to do with Joy Division making it. It had absolutely fuck all to do with it. It had everything to do with us all not becoming millionaires, right. [?] Leavis Tony Michaelides, the promo and sales guy came to me at Granada on the Wednesday of the week before, and he said he’d never seen anything like it, the shops were so up for them. It had already happened.

© Jon Savage

Rob Gretton

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ROB GRETTON, the manager of Joy Division and New Order, was an important catalyst in the Manchester music scene from the mid-Seventies onwards.

From his early days as a DJ at Rafters nightclub to his involvement as a major shareholder in Factory Records and subsequently the Hacienda club, Gretton’s benevolent presence and sharp wit made him as important to his charges as Brian Epstein was to the Beatles. In the space of 20 years with Gretton, Joy Division and subsequently New Order went from alternative local heroes to international act, with over 25 British hit singles along the way. They also influenced a myriad other bands from U2 to Primal Scream via Happy Mondays and today’s big beat acts such as the Chemical Brothers and Fat Boy Slim.

Gretton was born in Wythenshawe, a suburb of Manchester, in 1953 and from his early twenties was heavily involved in the Mancunian wing of British punk (The Fall, Buzzcocks, Slaughter and the Dogs). In 1977, he saw a group called Warsaw play Rafters. “Warsaw was just different,” he later recalled. “I thought they were the best band I’d ever seen.”

At the time Gretton was the manager of the local act the Panik who pinched Warsaw’s drummer Steve Brotherdale. They also had their eyes on the manic singer Ian Curtis but he wouldn’t leave his bassist Peter Hook and guitarist Bernard Sumner. In fact, having recruited Stephen Morris on drums, Warsaw made some headway. In April 1978, they appeared at Rafters again, in a battle of the bands organised by Stiff and Chiswick Records. Warsaw, by then renamed Joy Division, were drawn last and, though they didn’t win the judges over, they impressed a local television presenter Tony Wilson. Gretton also wangled an introduction to Wilson.

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Having dumped the Panik, Gretton took over Joy Division’s management but instantly ran into problems because of a restrictive deal the group had signed with RCA. The contract offered no advance and minimal royalties and Gretton’s solicitor looked over the agreement. When RCA refused to improve the terms, the band offered to buy back the master tapes from the record company. Gretton’s bluff worked and Joy Division were released from the contract; he was determined not to jump into bed with a huge corporation too soon.

Tony Wilson, who was managing the Durutti Column with the actor Alan Erasmus, had started a club night called the Factory and Joy Division played there in June 1978. This club night evolved into a record label, with the release in January 1979 of A Factory Sample, a double EP featuring John Dowie, Cabaret Voltaire, The Durutti Column and Joy Division. By then, Joy Division had made its London debut and impressed journalists with their intense performance.

A John Peel session followed and Warner Brothers offered the band a deal through its subsidiary Radar. Joy Division seemed to be following in the footsteps of Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark, who had already moved from Factory to Virgin, until Gretton intervened.

Tony Wilson explained in Dreams Never End (1995), Claude Flowers’ book on New Order and Joy Division:

There was a general acceptance that small labels being a nursery for the majors was okay. And suddenly Rob Gretton turns to me one night and says: “Hmm. Tell you what, obviously we’ll go to Warner Brothers and Radar soon and sign up but, before going, why don’t we do the first album with you on Factory?” I said: “That’s an idea. Are you sure?” I thought it was kind of funny. I figured Rob was doing it as an experiment, but he was doing it to see if it would work. Which indeed it did. And of course, Joy Division later became successful. It then set the reverse mode which is you don’t want to sell to the majors.

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With the experimental producer Martin Hannett at the helm, Joy Division completed the album Unknown Pleasures (1979), which was released to great critical acclaim and steady sales. The group supported the Buzzcocks on tour but the single “Transmission” didn’t become the radio hit they had anticipated. They did make inroads into continental Europe and America, building fan loyalty with a limited edition free flexi-disc, another example of Factory’s erratic business approach.

Ian Curtis’s private life was becoming increasingly complicated and this, coupled with his epilepsy and the pressures of the band, led him to commit suicide, on 18 May 1980, just before an American tour. “Love Will Tear Us Apart”, the melancholic anthem he left behind, entered the UK Top Twenty the following month. Shellshocked, the three remaining members and the manager took stock while the album Closer climbed up the charts. Gretton’s determination steadied the nerves of Hook, Sumner and Morris. “We just wanted to take it easy, to work out what we were going to do,” explained Gretton. “I remember A Certain Ratio were a little surprised when we showed up to play as their support.”

Gretton suggested a new name for the band which turned out to be as controversial as Joy Division (named after the prostitute wing of a concentration camp). He was supposedly reading a Situationist book entitled Leaving the Twentieth Century. “A passage about a new order of architecture stuck in my mind. At the time, I thought it was a very neutral name,” he declared, maybe to further incense the media who had often decried the Nazi connotations of Joy Division. The mischievous Gretton sometimes changed the story, claiming he’d seen a News At Ten report or a newspaper article saying that the Khmer Rouge had been renamed the New Order of Kampuchean Liberation.

Gretton invited Gillian Gilbert, Stephen Morris’s girlfriend, to join the band full-time on keyboards and guitar. New Order’s first shows as a four-piece, in early 1981, proved emotional affairs, but the sound more than lived up to expectations. As the manager famously remarked: “From now on, it’s gonna be like the Pink Floyd.”

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After Movement, their debut album as New Order, the band and Factory parted company with Martin Hannett. Hannett sold his share in the label to the others for pounds 40,000. The sleeve and poster designer Peter Saville thus held a minority 6 per cent share while Gretton and Alan Erasmus each had 31 per cent, Wilson having the upper hand with 32 per cent.

Most Factory artists had no contract with the label but received a 50 per cent royalty rate. Slowly but surely, New Order became the cash cows financing fanciful plans like Factory designer stationery and the setting- up of the Hacienda in 1982 as the Mancunian answer to New York’s Danceteria. Madonna appeared there and the “Madchester” phenomenon, launching the Stone Roses and Happy Mondays, spread from the nightclub, but it was always a costly vanity venture.

The hypnotic “Blue Monday”, created with the New York producer Arthur Baker in 1983, should have helped New Order’s finances but, in typical Factory fashion, the 12in single had such an expensive sleeve design that 2p was lost on every copy sold. Given the 600,000 units shifted in the UK alone, the loss proved considerable, although the track confirmed the band’s status and their shift to a more danceable sound.

In the late Eighties, following the success of the single “True Faith” and the No 1 album Technique, New Order took a well-deserved break. Hook launched Revenge, while Sumner joined the ex-Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr in Electronic and Morris and Gilbert became the Other Two. These side- projects distracted the musicians and manager who should have been trying to sort out their business affairs and stop Factory squandering money.

In June 1990, “World In Motion” became a British No 1 single and the World Cup anthem, as the footballer John Barnes and the comedian Keith Allen rapped with England New Order, as they were renamed for the occasion. Soon after, a take-over of Factory by London Records was mooted and, rather than feed the whole operation and guarantee debts, the group jumped ship and signed directly to London. In November 1992, Factory Communications Limited went into receivership, leaving many creditors unpaid.

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New Order had a narrow escape and, the following year, returned to the Top Five with “Regret” and the album Republic. They made up for lost earnings by fully exploiting their back catalogue whose rights had reverted back to them.

Following another four-year hiatus, the group reunited last year to headline the Reading Festival and appeared at the Manchester Evening News Arena and at Alexandra Palace. More recently, Gretton had launched his own label Rob’s Records (on which Sub Sub scored a No 3 hit with “Ain’t No Love” in 1993).

Rob Gretton’s gambling instincts remained legendary throughout the industry. He famously bet each member of New Order pounds 250 that “Fine Time” would make the Top Ten in December 1988. The single peaked at 11. The following year, another bet on a No 5 chart position for “Round And Round” led to Tony Wilson’s resignation as Factory chairman when the track only reached No 21.

© Pierre Perrone & The Independent

R is for Rob Gretton

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Manager of several Factory bands (including Joy Division and New Order), partner in the label, talent scout with a list of credits to his name, punk fanzine author, DJ before the DJ scene even took hold, generous funder of the Manchester punk scene out of his own pocket; Rob Gretton did everything.  He helped to build and run the Haçienda, started the Dry Bar, and founded his own label, Rob’s Records.  He’s also the marketing genius who forbade Pete Hook and Barney Sumner from speaking during Joy Division interviews because, as Pete says, “he thought we were a couple of cretins.”  And he did, in fact, make bets on his bands’ singles, famously losing to New Order when a single he’d guessed would be in the Top Ten only made it to number eleven.

© FAC:ABC